#!/usr/bin/env python from __future__ import print_function # png.py - PNG encoder/decoder in pure Python # # Copyright (C) 2006 Johann C. Rocholl # Portions Copyright (C) 2009 David Jones # And probably portions Copyright (C) 2006 Nicko van Someren # # Original concept by Johann C. Rocholl. # # LICENCE (MIT) # # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person # obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files # (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, # including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, # publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, # and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, # subject to the following conditions: # # The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be # included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. # # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, # EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF # MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND # NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS # BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN # ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN # CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE # SOFTWARE. """ Pure Python PNG Reader/Writer This Python module implements support for PNG images (see PNG specification at http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-PNG-20031110/ ). It reads and writes PNG files with all allowable bit depths (1/2/4/8/16/24/32/48/64 bits per pixel) and colour combinations: greyscale (1/2/4/8/16 bit); RGB, RGBA, LA (greyscale with alpha) with 8/16 bits per channel; colour mapped images (1/2/4/8 bit). Adam7 interlacing is supported for reading and writing. A number of optional chunks can be specified (when writing) and understood (when reading): ``tRNS``, ``bKGD``, ``gAMA``. For help, type ``import png; help(png)`` in your python interpreter. A good place to start is the :class:`Reader` and :class:`Writer` classes. Requires Python 2.3. Limited support is available for Python 2.2, but not everything works. Best with Python 2.4 and higher. Installation is trivial, but see the ``README.txt`` file (with the source distribution) for details. This file can also be used as a command-line utility to convert `Netpbm `_ PNM files to PNG, and the reverse conversion from PNG to PNM. The interface is similar to that of the ``pnmtopng`` program from Netpbm. Type ``python png.py --help`` at the shell prompt for usage and a list of options. A note on spelling and terminology ---------------------------------- Generally British English spelling is used in the documentation. So that's "greyscale" and "colour". This not only matches the author's native language, it's also used by the PNG specification. The major colour models supported by PNG (and hence by PyPNG) are: greyscale, RGB, greyscale--alpha, RGB--alpha. These are sometimes referred to using the abbreviations: L, RGB, LA, RGBA. In this case each letter abbreviates a single channel: *L* is for Luminance or Luma or Lightness which is the channel used in greyscale images; *R*, *G*, *B* stand for Red, Green, Blue, the components of a colour image; *A* stands for Alpha, the opacity channel (used for transparency effects, but higher values are more opaque, so it makes sense to call it opacity). A note on formats ----------------- When getting pixel data out of this module (reading) and presenting data to this module (writing) there are a number of ways the data could be represented as a Python value. Generally this module uses one of three formats called "flat row flat pixel", "boxed row flat pixel", and "boxed row boxed pixel". Basically the concern is whether each pixel and each row comes in its own little tuple (box), or not. Consider an image that is 3 pixels wide by 2 pixels high, and each pixel has RGB components: Boxed row flat pixel:: list([R,G,B, R,G,B, R,G,B], [R,G,B, R,G,B, R,G,B]) Each row appears as its own list, but the pixels are flattened so that three values for one pixel simply follow the three values for the previous pixel. This is the most common format used, because it provides a good compromise between space and convenience. PyPNG regards itself as at liberty to replace any sequence type with any sufficiently compatible other sequence type; in practice each row is an array (from the array module), and the outer list is sometimes an iterator rather than an explicit list (so that streaming is possible). Flat row flat pixel:: [R,G,B, R,G,B, R,G,B, R,G,B, R,G,B, R,G,B] The entire image is one single giant sequence of colour values. Generally an array will be used (to save space), not a list. Boxed row boxed pixel:: list([ (R,G,B), (R,G,B), (R,G,B) ], [ (R,G,B), (R,G,B), (R,G,B) ]) Each row appears in its own list, but each pixel also appears in its own tuple. A serious memory burn in Python. In all cases the top row comes first, and for each row the pixels are ordered from left-to-right. Within a pixel the values appear in the order, R-G-B-A (or L-A for greyscale--alpha). There is a fourth format, mentioned because it is used internally, is close to what lies inside a PNG file itself, and has some support from the public API. This format is called packed. When packed, each row is a sequence of bytes (integers from 0 to 255), just as it is before PNG scanline filtering is applied. When the bit depth is 8 this is essentially the same as boxed row flat pixel; when the bit depth is less than 8, several pixels are packed into each byte; when the bit depth is 16 (the only value more than 8 that is supported by the PNG image format) each pixel value is decomposed into 2 bytes (and `packed` is a misnomer). This format is used by the :meth:`Writer.write_packed` method. It isn't usually a convenient format, but may be just right if the source data for the PNG image comes from something that uses a similar format (for example, 1-bit BMPs, or another PNG file). And now, my famous members -------------------------- """ __version__ = "0.0.18" import itertools import math import re # http://www.python.org/doc/2.4.4/lib/module-operator.html import operator import struct import sys # http://www.python.org/doc/2.4.4/lib/module-warnings.html import warnings import zlib from array import array from functools import reduce try: # `cpngfilters` is a Cython module: it must be compiled by # Cython for this import to work. # If this import does work, then it overrides pure-python # filtering functions defined later in this file (see `class # pngfilters`). import cpngfilters as pngfilters except ImportError: pass __all__ = ['Image', 'Reader', 'Writer', 'write_chunks', 'from_array'] # The PNG signature. # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5PNG-file-signature _signature = struct.pack('8B', 137, 80, 78, 71, 13, 10, 26, 10) _adam7 = ((0, 0, 8, 8), (4, 0, 8, 8), (0, 4, 4, 8), (2, 0, 4, 4), (0, 2, 2, 4), (1, 0, 2, 2), (0, 1, 1, 2)) def group(s, n): # See http://www.python.org/doc/2.6/library/functions.html#zip return list(zip(*[iter(s)]*n)) def isarray(x): return isinstance(x, array) def tostring(row): return row.tobytes() #return row.tostring() def interleave_planes(ipixels, apixels, ipsize, apsize): """ Interleave (colour) planes, e.g. RGB + A = RGBA. Return an array of pixels consisting of the `ipsize` elements of data from each pixel in `ipixels` followed by the `apsize` elements of data from each pixel in `apixels`. Conventionally `ipixels` and `apixels` are byte arrays so the sizes are bytes, but it actually works with any arrays of the same type. The returned array is the same type as the input arrays which should be the same type as each other. """ itotal = len(ipixels) atotal = len(apixels) newtotal = itotal + atotal newpsize = ipsize + apsize # Set up the output buffer # See http://www.python.org/doc/2.4.4/lib/module-array.html#l2h-1356 out = array(ipixels.typecode) # It's annoying that there is no cheap way to set the array size :-( out.extend(ipixels) out.extend(apixels) # Interleave in the pixel data for i in range(ipsize): out[i:newtotal:newpsize] = ipixels[i:itotal:ipsize] for i in range(apsize): out[i+ipsize:newtotal:newpsize] = apixels[i:atotal:apsize] return out def check_palette(palette): """Check a palette argument (to the :class:`Writer` class) for validity. Returns the palette as a list if okay; raises an exception otherwise. """ # None is the default and is allowed. if palette is None: return None p = list(palette) if not (0 < len(p) <= 256): raise ValueError("a palette must have between 1 and 256 entries") seen_triple = False for i,t in enumerate(p): if len(t) not in (3,4): raise ValueError( "palette entry %d: entries must be 3- or 4-tuples." % i) if len(t) == 3: seen_triple = True if seen_triple and len(t) == 4: raise ValueError( "palette entry %d: all 4-tuples must precede all 3-tuples" % i) for x in t: if int(x) != x or not(0 <= x <= 255): raise ValueError( "palette entry %d: values must be integer: 0 <= x <= 255" % i) return p def check_sizes(size, width, height): """Check that these arguments, in supplied, are consistent. Return a (width, height) pair. """ if not size: return width, height if len(size) != 2: raise ValueError( "size argument should be a pair (width, height)") if width is not None and width != size[0]: raise ValueError( "size[0] (%r) and width (%r) should match when both are used." % (size[0], width)) if height is not None and height != size[1]: raise ValueError( "size[1] (%r) and height (%r) should match when both are used." % (size[1], height)) return size def check_color(c, greyscale, which): """Checks that a colour argument for transparent or background options is the right form. Returns the colour (which, if it's a bar integer, is "corrected" to a 1-tuple). """ if c is None: return c if greyscale: try: len(c) except TypeError: c = (c,) if len(c) != 1: raise ValueError("%s for greyscale must be 1-tuple" % which) if not isinteger(c[0]): raise ValueError( "%s colour for greyscale must be integer" % which) else: if not (len(c) == 3 and isinteger(c[0]) and isinteger(c[1]) and isinteger(c[2])): raise ValueError( "%s colour must be a triple of integers" % which) return c class Error(Exception): def __str__(self): return self.__class__.__name__ + ': ' + ' '.join(self.args) class FormatError(Error): """Problem with input file format. In other words, PNG file does not conform to the specification in some way and is invalid. """ class ChunkError(FormatError): pass class Writer: """ PNG encoder in pure Python. """ def __init__(self, width=None, height=None, size=None, greyscale=False, alpha=False, bitdepth=8, palette=None, transparent=None, background=None, gamma=None, compression=None, interlace=False, bytes_per_sample=None, # deprecated planes=None, colormap=None, maxval=None, chunk_limit=2**20, x_pixels_per_unit = None, y_pixels_per_unit = None, unit_is_meter = False): """ Create a PNG encoder object. Arguments: width, height Image size in pixels, as two separate arguments. size Image size (w,h) in pixels, as single argument. greyscale Input data is greyscale, not RGB. alpha Input data has alpha channel (RGBA or LA). bitdepth Bit depth: from 1 to 16. palette Create a palette for a colour mapped image (colour type 3). transparent Specify a transparent colour (create a ``tRNS`` chunk). background Specify a default background colour (create a ``bKGD`` chunk). gamma Specify a gamma value (create a ``gAMA`` chunk). compression zlib compression level: 0 (none) to 9 (more compressed); default: -1 or None. interlace Create an interlaced image. chunk_limit Write multiple ``IDAT`` chunks to save memory. x_pixels_per_unit Number of pixels a unit along the x axis (write a `pHYs` chunk). y_pixels_per_unit Number of pixels a unit along the y axis (write a `pHYs` chunk). Along with `x_pixel_unit`, this gives the pixel size ratio. unit_is_meter `True` to indicate that the unit (for the `pHYs` chunk) is metre. The image size (in pixels) can be specified either by using the `width` and `height` arguments, or with the single `size` argument. If `size` is used it should be a pair (*width*, *height*). `greyscale` and `alpha` are booleans that specify whether an image is greyscale (or colour), and whether it has an alpha channel (or not). `bitdepth` specifies the bit depth of the source pixel values. Each source pixel value must be an integer between 0 and ``2**bitdepth-1``. For example, 8-bit images have values between 0 and 255. PNG only stores images with bit depths of 1,2,4,8, or 16. When `bitdepth` is not one of these values, the next highest valid bit depth is selected, and an ``sBIT`` (significant bits) chunk is generated that specifies the original precision of the source image. In this case the supplied pixel values will be rescaled to fit the range of the selected bit depth. The details of which bit depth / colour model combinations the PNG file format supports directly, are somewhat arcane (refer to the PNG specification for full details). Briefly: "small" bit depths (1,2,4) are only allowed with greyscale and colour mapped images; colour mapped images cannot have bit depth 16. For colour mapped images (in other words, when the `palette` argument is specified) the `bitdepth` argument must match one of the valid PNG bit depths: 1, 2, 4, or 8. (It is valid to have a PNG image with a palette and an ``sBIT`` chunk, but the meaning is slightly different; it would be awkward to press the `bitdepth` argument into service for this.) The `palette` option, when specified, causes a colour mapped image to be created: the PNG colour type is set to 3; `greyscale` must not be set; `alpha` must not be set; `transparent` must not be set; the bit depth must be 1,2,4, or 8. When a colour mapped image is created, the pixel values are palette indexes and the `bitdepth` argument specifies the size of these indexes (not the size of the colour values in the palette). The palette argument value should be a sequence of 3- or 4-tuples. 3-tuples specify RGB palette entries; 4-tuples specify RGBA palette entries. If both 4-tuples and 3-tuples appear in the sequence then all the 4-tuples must come before all the 3-tuples. A ``PLTE`` chunk is created; if there are 4-tuples then a ``tRNS`` chunk is created as well. The ``PLTE`` chunk will contain all the RGB triples in the same sequence; the ``tRNS`` chunk will contain the alpha channel for all the 4-tuples, in the same sequence. Palette entries are always 8-bit. If specified, the `transparent` and `background` parameters must be a tuple with three integer values for red, green, blue, or a simple integer (or singleton tuple) for a greyscale image. If specified, the `gamma` parameter must be a positive number (generally, a `float`). A ``gAMA`` chunk will be created. Note that this will not change the values of the pixels as they appear in the PNG file, they are assumed to have already been converted appropriately for the gamma specified. The `compression` argument specifies the compression level to be used by the ``zlib`` module. Values from 1 to 9 specify compression, with 9 being "more compressed" (usually smaller and slower, but it doesn't always work out that way). 0 means no compression. -1 and ``None`` both mean that the default level of compession will be picked by the ``zlib`` module (which is generally acceptable). If `interlace` is true then an interlaced image is created (using PNG's so far only interace method, *Adam7*). This does not affect how the pixels should be presented to the encoder, rather it changes how they are arranged into the PNG file. On slow connexions interlaced images can be partially decoded by the browser to give a rough view of the image that is successively refined as more image data appears. .. note :: Enabling the `interlace` option requires the entire image to be processed in working memory. `chunk_limit` is used to limit the amount of memory used whilst compressing the image. In order to avoid using large amounts of memory, multiple ``IDAT`` chunks may be created. """ # At the moment the `planes` argument is ignored; # its purpose is to act as a dummy so that # ``Writer(x, y, **info)`` works, where `info` is a dictionary # returned by Reader.read and friends. # Ditto for `colormap`. width, height = check_sizes(size, width, height) del size if width <= 0 or height <= 0: raise ValueError("width and height must be greater than zero") if not isinteger(width) or not isinteger(height): raise ValueError("width and height must be integers") # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#7Integers-and-byte-order if width > 2**32-1 or height > 2**32-1: raise ValueError("width and height cannot exceed 2**32-1") if alpha and transparent is not None: raise ValueError( "transparent colour not allowed with alpha channel") if bytes_per_sample is not None: warnings.warn('please use bitdepth instead of bytes_per_sample', DeprecationWarning) if bytes_per_sample not in (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2): raise ValueError( "bytes per sample must be .125, .25, .5, 1, or 2") bitdepth = int(8*bytes_per_sample) del bytes_per_sample if not isinteger(bitdepth) or bitdepth < 1 or 16 < bitdepth: raise ValueError("bitdepth (%r) must be a positive integer <= 16" % bitdepth) self.rescale = None palette = check_palette(palette) if palette: if bitdepth not in (1,2,4,8): raise ValueError("with palette, bitdepth must be 1, 2, 4, or 8") if transparent is not None: raise ValueError("transparent and palette not compatible") if alpha: raise ValueError("alpha and palette not compatible") if greyscale: raise ValueError("greyscale and palette not compatible") else: # No palette, check for sBIT chunk generation. if alpha or not greyscale: if bitdepth not in (8,16): targetbitdepth = (8,16)[bitdepth > 8] self.rescale = (bitdepth, targetbitdepth) bitdepth = targetbitdepth del targetbitdepth else: assert greyscale assert not alpha if bitdepth not in (1,2,4,8,16): if bitdepth > 8: targetbitdepth = 16 elif bitdepth == 3: targetbitdepth = 4 else: assert bitdepth in (5,6,7) targetbitdepth = 8 self.rescale = (bitdepth, targetbitdepth) bitdepth = targetbitdepth del targetbitdepth if bitdepth < 8 and (alpha or not greyscale and not palette): raise ValueError( "bitdepth < 8 only permitted with greyscale or palette") if bitdepth > 8 and palette: raise ValueError( "bit depth must be 8 or less for images with palette") transparent = check_color(transparent, greyscale, 'transparent') background = check_color(background, greyscale, 'background') # It's important that the true boolean values (greyscale, alpha, # colormap, interlace) are converted to bool because Iverson's # convention is relied upon later on. self.width = width self.height = height self.transparent = transparent self.background = background self.gamma = gamma self.greyscale = bool(greyscale) self.alpha = bool(alpha) self.colormap = bool(palette) self.bitdepth = int(bitdepth) self.compression = compression self.chunk_limit = chunk_limit self.interlace = bool(interlace) self.palette = palette self.x_pixels_per_unit = x_pixels_per_unit self.y_pixels_per_unit = y_pixels_per_unit self.unit_is_meter = bool(unit_is_meter) self.color_type = 4*self.alpha + 2*(not greyscale) + 1*self.colormap assert self.color_type in (0,2,3,4,6) self.color_planes = (3,1)[self.greyscale or self.colormap] self.planes = self.color_planes + self.alpha # :todo: fix for bitdepth < 8 self.psize = (self.bitdepth/8) * self.planes def make_palette(self): """Create the byte sequences for a ``PLTE`` and if necessary a ``tRNS`` chunk. Returned as a pair (*p*, *t*). *t* will be ``None`` if no ``tRNS`` chunk is necessary. """ p = array('B') t = array('B') for x in self.palette: p.extend(x[0:3]) if len(x) > 3: t.append(x[3]) p = tostring(p) t = tostring(t) if t: return p,t return p,None def write(self, outfile, rows): """Write a PNG image to the output file. `rows` should be an iterable that yields each row in boxed row flat pixel format. The rows should be the rows of the original image, so there should be ``self.height`` rows of ``self.width * self.planes`` values. If `interlace` is specified (when creating the instance), then an interlaced PNG file will be written. Supply the rows in the normal image order; the interlacing is carried out internally. .. note :: Interlacing will require the entire image to be in working memory. """ if self.interlace: fmt = 'BH'[self.bitdepth > 8] a = array(fmt, itertools.chain(*rows)) return self.write_array(outfile, a) nrows = self.write_passes(outfile, rows) if nrows != self.height: raise ValueError( "rows supplied (%d) does not match height (%d)" % (nrows, self.height)) def write_passes(self, outfile, rows, packed=False): """ Write a PNG image to the output file. Most users are expected to find the :meth:`write` or :meth:`write_array` method more convenient. The rows should be given to this method in the order that they appear in the output file. For straightlaced images, this is the usual top to bottom ordering, but for interlaced images the rows should have already been interlaced before passing them to this function. `rows` should be an iterable that yields each row. When `packed` is ``False`` the rows should be in boxed row flat pixel format; when `packed` is ``True`` each row should be a packed sequence of bytes. """ # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5PNG-file-signature outfile.write(_signature) # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IHDR write_chunk(outfile, b'IHDR', struct.pack("!2I5B", self.width, self.height, self.bitdepth, self.color_type, 0, 0, self.interlace)) # See :chunk:order # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11gAMA if self.gamma is not None: write_chunk(outfile, b'gAMA', struct.pack("!L", int(round(self.gamma*1e5)))) # See :chunk:order # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11sBIT if self.rescale: write_chunk(outfile, b'sBIT', struct.pack('%dB' % self.planes, *[self.rescale[0]]*self.planes)) # :chunk:order: Without a palette (PLTE chunk), ordering is # relatively relaxed. With one, gAMA chunk must precede PLTE # chunk which must precede tRNS and bKGD. # See http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5ChunkOrdering if self.palette: p,t = self.make_palette() write_chunk(outfile, b'PLTE', p) if t: # tRNS chunk is optional. Only needed if palette entries # have alpha. write_chunk(outfile, b'tRNS', t) # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11tRNS if self.transparent is not None: if self.greyscale: write_chunk(outfile, b'tRNS', struct.pack("!1H", *self.transparent)) else: write_chunk(outfile, b'tRNS', struct.pack("!3H", *self.transparent)) # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11bKGD if self.background is not None: if self.greyscale: write_chunk(outfile, b'bKGD', struct.pack("!1H", *self.background)) else: write_chunk(outfile, b'bKGD', struct.pack("!3H", *self.background)) # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11pHYs if self.x_pixels_per_unit is not None and self.y_pixels_per_unit is not None: tup = (self.x_pixels_per_unit, self.y_pixels_per_unit, int(self.unit_is_meter)) write_chunk(outfile, b'pHYs', struct.pack("!LLB",*tup)) # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IDAT if self.compression is not None: compressor = zlib.compressobj(self.compression) else: compressor = zlib.compressobj() # Choose an extend function based on the bitdepth. The extend # function packs/decomposes the pixel values into bytes and # stuffs them onto the data array. data = array('B') if self.bitdepth == 8 or packed: extend = data.extend elif self.bitdepth == 16: # Decompose into bytes def extend(sl): fmt = '!%dH' % len(sl) data.extend(array('B', struct.pack(fmt, *sl))) else: # Pack into bytes assert self.bitdepth < 8 # samples per byte spb = int(8/self.bitdepth) def extend(sl): a = array('B', sl) # Adding padding bytes so we can group into a whole # number of spb-tuples. l = float(len(a)) extra = math.ceil(l / float(spb))*spb - l a.extend([0]*int(extra)) # Pack into bytes l = group(a, spb) l = [reduce(lambda x,y: (x << self.bitdepth) + y, e) for e in l] data.extend(l) if self.rescale: oldextend = extend factor = \ float(2**self.rescale[1]-1) / float(2**self.rescale[0]-1) def extend(sl): oldextend([int(round(factor*x)) for x in sl]) # Build the first row, testing mostly to see if we need to # changed the extend function to cope with NumPy integer types # (they cause our ordinary definition of extend to fail, so we # wrap it). See # http://code.google.com/p/pypng/issues/detail?id=44 enumrows = enumerate(rows) del rows # First row's filter type. data.append(0) # :todo: Certain exceptions in the call to ``.next()`` or the # following try would indicate no row data supplied. # Should catch. i,row = next(enumrows) try: # If this fails... extend(row) except: # ... try a version that converts the values to int first. # Not only does this work for the (slightly broken) NumPy # types, there are probably lots of other, unknown, "nearly" # int types it works for. def wrapmapint(f): return lambda sl: f([int(x) for x in sl]) extend = wrapmapint(extend) del wrapmapint extend(row) for i,row in enumrows: # Add "None" filter type. Currently, it's essential that # this filter type be used for every scanline as we do not # mark the first row of a reduced pass image; that means we # could accidentally compute the wrong filtered scanline if # we used "up", "average", or "paeth" on such a line. data.append(0) extend(row) if len(data) > self.chunk_limit: compressed = compressor.compress(tostring(data)) if len(compressed): write_chunk(outfile, b'IDAT', compressed) # Because of our very witty definition of ``extend``, # above, we must re-use the same ``data`` object. Hence # we use ``del`` to empty this one, rather than create a # fresh one (which would be my natural FP instinct). del data[:] if len(data): compressed = compressor.compress(tostring(data)) else: compressed = b'' flushed = compressor.flush() if len(compressed) or len(flushed): write_chunk(outfile, b'IDAT', compressed + flushed) # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IEND write_chunk(outfile, b'IEND') return i+1 def write_array(self, outfile, pixels): """ Write an array in flat row flat pixel format as a PNG file on the output file. See also :meth:`write` method. """ if self.interlace: self.write_passes(outfile, self.array_scanlines_interlace(pixels)) else: self.write_passes(outfile, self.array_scanlines(pixels)) def write_packed(self, outfile, rows): """ Write PNG file to `outfile`. The pixel data comes from `rows` which should be in boxed row packed format. Each row should be a sequence of packed bytes. Technically, this method does work for interlaced images but it is best avoided. For interlaced images, the rows should be presented in the order that they appear in the file. This method should not be used when the source image bit depth is not one naturally supported by PNG; the bit depth should be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16. """ if self.rescale: raise Error("write_packed method not suitable for bit depth %d" % self.rescale[0]) return self.write_passes(outfile, rows, packed=True) def convert_pnm(self, infile, outfile): """ Convert a PNM file containing raw pixel data into a PNG file with the parameters set in the writer object. Works for (binary) PGM, PPM, and PAM formats. """ if self.interlace: pixels = array('B') pixels.fromfile(infile, (self.bitdepth/8) * self.color_planes * self.width * self.height) self.write_passes(outfile, self.array_scanlines_interlace(pixels)) else: self.write_passes(outfile, self.file_scanlines(infile)) def convert_ppm_and_pgm(self, ppmfile, pgmfile, outfile): """ Convert a PPM and PGM file containing raw pixel data into a PNG outfile with the parameters set in the writer object. """ pixels = array('B') pixels.fromfile(ppmfile, (self.bitdepth/8) * self.color_planes * self.width * self.height) apixels = array('B') apixels.fromfile(pgmfile, (self.bitdepth/8) * self.width * self.height) pixels = interleave_planes(pixels, apixels, (self.bitdepth/8) * self.color_planes, (self.bitdepth/8)) if self.interlace: self.write_passes(outfile, self.array_scanlines_interlace(pixels)) else: self.write_passes(outfile, self.array_scanlines(pixels)) def file_scanlines(self, infile): """ Generates boxed rows in flat pixel format, from the input file `infile`. It assumes that the input file is in a "Netpbm-like" binary format, and is positioned at the beginning of the first pixel. The number of pixels to read is taken from the image dimensions (`width`, `height`, `planes`) and the number of bytes per value is implied by the image `bitdepth`. """ # Values per row vpr = self.width * self.planes row_bytes = vpr if self.bitdepth > 8: assert self.bitdepth == 16 row_bytes *= 2 fmt = '>%dH' % vpr def line(): return array('H', struct.unpack(fmt, infile.read(row_bytes))) else: def line(): scanline = array('B', infile.read(row_bytes)) return scanline for y in range(self.height): yield line() def array_scanlines(self, pixels): """ Generates boxed rows (flat pixels) from flat rows (flat pixels) in an array. """ # Values per row vpr = self.width * self.planes stop = 0 for y in range(self.height): start = stop stop = start + vpr yield pixels[start:stop] def array_scanlines_interlace(self, pixels): """ Generator for interlaced scanlines from an array. `pixels` is the full source image in flat row flat pixel format. The generator yields each scanline of the reduced passes in turn, in boxed row flat pixel format. """ # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#8InterlaceMethods # Array type. fmt = 'BH'[self.bitdepth > 8] # Value per row vpr = self.width * self.planes for xstart, ystart, xstep, ystep in _adam7: if xstart >= self.width: continue # Pixels per row (of reduced image) ppr = int(math.ceil((self.width-xstart)/float(xstep))) # number of values in reduced image row. row_len = ppr*self.planes for y in range(ystart, self.height, ystep): if xstep == 1: offset = y * vpr yield pixels[offset:offset+vpr] else: row = array(fmt) # There's no easier way to set the length of an array row.extend(pixels[0:row_len]) offset = y * vpr + xstart * self.planes end_offset = (y+1) * vpr skip = self.planes * xstep for i in range(self.planes): row[i::self.planes] = \ pixels[offset+i:end_offset:skip] yield row def write_chunk(outfile, tag, data=b''): """ Write a PNG chunk to the output file, including length and checksum. """ # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5Chunk-layout outfile.write(struct.pack("!I", len(data))) outfile.write(tag) outfile.write(data) checksum = zlib.crc32(tag) checksum = zlib.crc32(data, checksum) checksum &= 2**32-1 outfile.write(struct.pack("!I", checksum)) def write_chunks(out, chunks): """Create a PNG file by writing out the chunks.""" out.write(_signature) for chunk in chunks: write_chunk(out, *chunk) def filter_scanline(type, line, fo, prev=None): """Apply a scanline filter to a scanline. `type` specifies the filter type (0 to 4); `line` specifies the current (unfiltered) scanline as a sequence of bytes; `prev` specifies the previous (unfiltered) scanline as a sequence of bytes. `fo` specifies the filter offset; normally this is size of a pixel in bytes (the number of bytes per sample times the number of channels), but when this is < 1 (for bit depths < 8) then the filter offset is 1. """ assert 0 <= type < 5 # The output array. Which, pathetically, we extend one-byte at a # time (fortunately this is linear). out = array('B', [type]) def sub(): ai = -fo for x in line: if ai >= 0: x = (x - line[ai]) & 0xff out.append(x) ai += 1 def up(): for i,x in enumerate(line): x = (x - prev[i]) & 0xff out.append(x) def average(): ai = -fo for i,x in enumerate(line): if ai >= 0: x = (x - ((line[ai] + prev[i]) >> 1)) & 0xff else: x = (x - (prev[i] >> 1)) & 0xff out.append(x) ai += 1 def paeth(): # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#9Filter-type-4-Paeth ai = -fo # also used for ci for i,x in enumerate(line): a = 0 b = prev[i] c = 0 if ai >= 0: a = line[ai] c = prev[ai] p = a + b - c pa = abs(p - a) pb = abs(p - b) pc = abs(p - c) if pa <= pb and pa <= pc: Pr = a elif pb <= pc: Pr = b else: Pr = c x = (x - Pr) & 0xff out.append(x) ai += 1 if not prev: # We're on the first line. Some of the filters can be reduced # to simpler cases which makes handling the line "off the top" # of the image simpler. "up" becomes "none"; "paeth" becomes # "left" (non-trivial, but true). "average" needs to be handled # specially. if type == 2: # "up" type = 0 elif type == 3: prev = [0]*len(line) elif type == 4: # "paeth" type = 1 if type == 0: out.extend(line) elif type == 1: sub() elif type == 2: up() elif type == 3: average() else: # type == 4 paeth() return out # Regex for decoding mode string RegexModeDecode = re.compile("(LA?|RGBA?);?([0-9]*)", flags=re.IGNORECASE) def from_array(a, mode=None, info={}): """Create a PNG :class:`Image` object from a 2- or 3-dimensional array. One application of this function is easy PIL-style saving: ``png.from_array(pixels, 'L').save('foo.png')``. Unless they are specified using the *info* parameter, the PNG's height and width are taken from the array size. For a 3 dimensional array the first axis is the height; the second axis is the width; and the third axis is the channel number. Thus an RGB image that is 16 pixels high and 8 wide will use an array that is 16x8x3. For 2 dimensional arrays the first axis is the height, but the second axis is ``width*channels``, so an RGB image that is 16 pixels high and 8 wide will use a 2-dimensional array that is 16x24 (each row will be 8*3 = 24 sample values). *mode* is a string that specifies the image colour format in a PIL-style mode. It can be: ``'L'`` greyscale (1 channel) ``'LA'`` greyscale with alpha (2 channel) ``'RGB'`` colour image (3 channel) ``'RGBA'`` colour image with alpha (4 channel) The mode string can also specify the bit depth (overriding how this function normally derives the bit depth, see below). Appending ``';16'`` to the mode will cause the PNG to be 16 bits per channel; any decimal from 1 to 16 can be used to specify the bit depth. When a 2-dimensional array is used *mode* determines how many channels the image has, and so allows the width to be derived from the second array dimension. The array is expected to be a ``numpy`` array, but it can be any suitable Python sequence. For example, a list of lists can be used: ``png.from_array([[0, 255, 0], [255, 0, 255]], 'L')``. The exact rules are: ``len(a)`` gives the first dimension, height; ``len(a[0])`` gives the second dimension; ``len(a[0][0])`` gives the third dimension, unless an exception is raised in which case a 2-dimensional array is assumed. It's slightly more complicated than that because an iterator of rows can be used, and it all still works. Using an iterator allows data to be streamed efficiently. The bit depth of the PNG is normally taken from the array element's datatype (but if *mode* specifies a bitdepth then that is used instead). The array element's datatype is determined in a way which is supposed to work both for ``numpy`` arrays and for Python ``array.array`` objects. A 1 byte datatype will give a bit depth of 8, a 2 byte datatype will give a bit depth of 16. If the datatype does not have an implicit size, for example it is a plain Python list of lists, as above, then a default of 8 is used. The *info* parameter is a dictionary that can be used to specify metadata (in the same style as the arguments to the :class:`png.Writer` class). For this function the keys that are useful are: height overrides the height derived from the array dimensions and allows *a* to be an iterable. width overrides the width derived from the array dimensions. bitdepth overrides the bit depth derived from the element datatype (but must match *mode* if that also specifies a bit depth). Generally anything specified in the *info* dictionary will override any implicit choices that this function would otherwise make, but must match any explicit ones. For example, if the *info* dictionary has a ``greyscale`` key then this must be true when mode is ``'L'`` or ``'LA'`` and false when mode is ``'RGB'`` or ``'RGBA'``. """ # We abuse the *info* parameter by modifying it. Take a copy here. # (Also typechecks *info* to some extent). info = dict(info) # Syntax check mode string. match = RegexModeDecode.match(mode) if not match: raise Error("mode string should be 'RGB' or 'L;16' or similar.") mode, bitdepth = match.groups() alpha = 'A' in mode if bitdepth: bitdepth = int(bitdepth) # Colour format. if 'greyscale' in info: if bool(info['greyscale']) != ('L' in mode): raise Error("info['greyscale'] should match mode.") info['greyscale'] = 'L' in mode if 'alpha' in info: if bool(info['alpha']) != alpha: raise Error("info['alpha'] should match mode.") info['alpha'] = alpha # Get bitdepth from *mode* if possible. if bitdepth: if info.get("bitdepth") and bitdepth != info['bitdepth']: raise Error("bitdepth (%d) should match bitdepth of info (%d)." % (bitdepth, info['bitdepth'])) info['bitdepth'] = bitdepth # Fill in and/or check entries in *info*. # Dimensions. if 'size' in info: assert len(info["size"]) == 2 # Check width, height, size all match where used. for dimension,axis in [('width', 0), ('height', 1)]: if dimension in info: if info[dimension] != info['size'][axis]: raise Error( "info[%r] should match info['size'][%r]." % (dimension, axis)) info['width'],info['height'] = info['size'] if 'height' not in info: try: info['height'] = len(a) except TypeError: raise Error("len(a) does not work, supply info['height'] instead.") planes = len(mode) if 'planes' in info: if info['planes'] != planes: raise Error("info['planes'] should match mode.") # In order to work out whether we the array is 2D or 3D we need its # first row, which requires that we take a copy of its iterator. # We may also need the first row to derive width and bitdepth. a,t = itertools.tee(a) row = next(t) del t try: row[0][0] threed = True testelement = row[0] except (IndexError, TypeError): threed = False testelement = row if 'width' not in info: if threed: width = len(row) else: width = len(row) // planes info['width'] = width if threed: # Flatten the threed rows a = (itertools.chain.from_iterable(x) for x in a) if 'bitdepth' not in info: try: dtype = testelement.dtype # goto the "else:" clause. Sorry. except AttributeError: try: # Try a Python array.array. bitdepth = 8 * testelement.itemsize except AttributeError: # We can't determine it from the array element's # datatype, use a default of 8. bitdepth = 8 else: # If we got here without exception, we now assume that # the array is a numpy array. if dtype.kind == 'b': bitdepth = 1 else: bitdepth = 8 * dtype.itemsize info['bitdepth'] = bitdepth for thing in ["width", "height", "bitdepth", "greyscale", "alpha"]: assert thing in info return Image(a, info) # So that refugee's from PIL feel more at home. Not documented. fromarray = from_array class Image: """A PNG image. You can create an :class:`Image` object from an array of pixels by calling :meth:`png.from_array`. It can be saved to disk with the :meth:`save` method. """ def __init__(self, rows, info): """ .. note :: The constructor is not public. Please do not call it. """ self.rows = rows self.info = info def save(self, file): """Save the image to *file*. If *file* looks like an open file descriptor then it is used, otherwise it is treated as a filename and a fresh file is opened. In general, you can only call this method once; after it has been called the first time and the PNG image has been saved, the source data will have been streamed, and cannot be streamed again. """ w = Writer(**self.info) try: file.write def close(): pass except AttributeError: file = open(file, 'wb') def close(): file.close() try: w.write(file, self.rows) finally: close() class _readable: """ A simple file-like interface for strings and arrays. """ def __init__(self, buf): self.buf = buf self.offset = 0 def read(self, n): r = self.buf[self.offset:self.offset+n] if isarray(r): r = r.tostring() self.offset += n return r try: str(b'dummy', 'ascii') except TypeError: as_str = str else: def as_str(x): return str(x, 'ascii') class Reader: """ PNG decoder in pure Python. """ def __init__(self, _guess=None, **kw): """ Create a PNG decoder object. The constructor expects exactly one keyword argument. If you supply a positional argument instead, it will guess the input type. You can choose among the following keyword arguments: filename Name of input file (a PNG file). file A file-like object (object with a read() method). bytes ``array`` or ``string`` with PNG data. """ if ((_guess is not None and len(kw) != 0) or (_guess is None and len(kw) != 1)): raise TypeError("Reader() takes exactly 1 argument") # Will be the first 8 bytes, later on. See validate_signature. self.signature = None self.transparent = None # A pair of (len,type) if a chunk has been read but its data and # checksum have not (in other words the file position is just # past the 4 bytes that specify the chunk type). See preamble # method for how this is used. self.atchunk = None if _guess is not None: if isarray(_guess): kw["bytes"] = _guess elif isinstance(_guess, str): kw["filename"] = _guess elif hasattr(_guess, 'read'): kw["file"] = _guess if "filename" in kw: self.file = open(kw["filename"], "rb") elif "file" in kw: self.file = kw["file"] elif "bytes" in kw: self.file = _readable(kw["bytes"]) else: raise TypeError("expecting filename, file or bytes array") def chunk(self, seek=None, lenient=False): """ Read the next PNG chunk from the input file; returns a (*type*, *data*) tuple. *type* is the chunk's type as a byte string (all PNG chunk types are 4 bytes long). *data* is the chunk's data content, as a byte string. If the optional `seek` argument is specified then it will keep reading chunks until it either runs out of file or finds the type specified by the argument. Note that in general the order of chunks in PNGs is unspecified, so using `seek` can cause you to miss chunks. If the optional `lenient` argument evaluates to `True`, checksum failures will raise warnings rather than exceptions. """ self.validate_signature() while True: # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#5Chunk-layout if not self.atchunk: self.atchunk = self.chunklentype() length, type = self.atchunk self.atchunk = None data = self.file.read(length) if len(data) != length: raise ChunkError('Chunk %s too short for required %i octets.' % (type, length)) checksum = self.file.read(4) if len(checksum) != 4: raise ChunkError('Chunk %s too short for checksum.' % type) if seek and type != seek: continue verify = zlib.crc32(type) verify = zlib.crc32(data, verify) # Whether the output from zlib.crc32 is signed or not varies # according to hideous implementation details, see # http://bugs.python.org/issue1202 . # We coerce it to be positive here (in a way which works on # Python 2.3 and older). verify &= 2**32 - 1 verify = struct.pack('!I', verify) if checksum != verify: (a, ) = struct.unpack('!I', checksum) (b, ) = struct.unpack('!I', verify) message = "Checksum error in %s chunk: 0x%08X != 0x%08X." % (type, a, b) if lenient: warnings.warn(message, RuntimeWarning) else: raise ChunkError(message) return type, data def chunks(self): """Return an iterator that will yield each chunk as a (*chunktype*, *content*) pair. """ while True: t,v = self.chunk() yield t,v if t == b'IEND': break def undo_filter(self, filter_type, scanline, previous): """Undo the filter for a scanline. `scanline` is a sequence of bytes that does not include the initial filter type byte. `previous` is decoded previous scanline (for straightlaced images this is the previous pixel row, but for interlaced images, it is the previous scanline in the reduced image, which in general is not the previous pixel row in the final image). When there is no previous scanline (the first row of a straightlaced image, or the first row in one of the passes in an interlaced image), then this argument should be ``None``. The scanline will have the effects of filtering removed, and the result will be returned as a fresh sequence of bytes. """ # :todo: Would it be better to update scanline in place? # Yes, with the Cython extension making the undo_filter fast, # updating scanline inplace makes the code 3 times faster # (reading 50 images of 800x800 went from 40s to 16s) result = scanline if filter_type == 0: return result if filter_type not in (1,2,3,4): raise FormatError('Invalid PNG Filter Type.' ' See http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-PNG-20031110/#9Filters .') # Filter unit. The stride from one pixel to the corresponding # byte from the previous pixel. Normally this is the pixel # size in bytes, but when this is smaller than 1, the previous # byte is used instead. fu = max(1, self.psize) # For the first line of a pass, synthesize a dummy previous # line. An alternative approach would be to observe that on the # first line 'up' is the same as 'null', 'paeth' is the same # as 'sub', with only 'average' requiring any special case. if not previous: previous = array('B', [0]*len(scanline)) def sub(): """Undo sub filter.""" ai = 0 # Loop starts at index fu. Observe that the initial part # of the result is already filled in correctly with # scanline. for i in range(fu, len(result)): x = scanline[i] a = result[ai] result[i] = (x + a) & 0xff ai += 1 def up(): """Undo up filter.""" for i in range(len(result)): x = scanline[i] b = previous[i] result[i] = (x + b) & 0xff def average(): """Undo average filter.""" ai = -fu for i in range(len(result)): x = scanline[i] if ai < 0: a = 0 else: a = result[ai] b = previous[i] result[i] = (x + ((a + b) >> 1)) & 0xff ai += 1 def paeth(): """Undo Paeth filter.""" # Also used for ci. ai = -fu for i in range(len(result)): x = scanline[i] if ai < 0: a = c = 0 else: a = result[ai] c = previous[ai] b = previous[i] p = a + b - c pa = abs(p - a) pb = abs(p - b) pc = abs(p - c) if pa <= pb and pa <= pc: pr = a elif pb <= pc: pr = b else: pr = c result[i] = (x + pr) & 0xff ai += 1 # Call appropriate filter algorithm. Note that 0 has already # been dealt with. (None, pngfilters.undo_filter_sub, pngfilters.undo_filter_up, pngfilters.undo_filter_average, pngfilters.undo_filter_paeth)[filter_type](fu, scanline, previous, result) return result def deinterlace(self, raw): """ Read raw pixel data, undo filters, deinterlace, and flatten. Return in flat row flat pixel format. """ # Values per row (of the target image) vpr = self.width * self.planes # Make a result array, and make it big enough. Interleaving # writes to the output array randomly (well, not quite), so the # entire output array must be in memory. fmt = 'BH'[self.bitdepth > 8] a = array(fmt, [0]*vpr*self.height) source_offset = 0 for xstart, ystart, xstep, ystep in _adam7: if xstart >= self.width: continue # The previous (reconstructed) scanline. None at the # beginning of a pass to indicate that there is no previous # line. recon = None # Pixels per row (reduced pass image) ppr = int(math.ceil((self.width-xstart)/float(xstep))) # Row size in bytes for this pass. row_size = int(math.ceil(self.psize * ppr)) for y in range(ystart, self.height, ystep): filter_type = raw[source_offset] source_offset += 1 scanline = raw[source_offset:source_offset+row_size] source_offset += row_size recon = self.undo_filter(filter_type, scanline, recon) # Convert so that there is one element per pixel value flat = self.serialtoflat(recon, ppr) if xstep == 1: assert xstart == 0 offset = y * vpr a[offset:offset+vpr] = flat else: offset = y * vpr + xstart * self.planes end_offset = (y+1) * vpr skip = self.planes * xstep for i in range(self.planes): a[offset+i:end_offset:skip] = \ flat[i::self.planes] return a def iterboxed(self, rows): """Iterator that yields each scanline in boxed row flat pixel format. `rows` should be an iterator that yields the bytes of each row in turn. """ def asvalues(raw): """Convert a row of raw bytes into a flat row. Result will be a freshly allocated object, not shared with argument. """ if self.bitdepth == 8: return array('B', raw) if self.bitdepth == 16: raw = tostring(raw) return array('H', struct.unpack('!%dH' % (len(raw)//2), raw)) assert self.bitdepth < 8 width = self.width # Samples per byte spb = 8//self.bitdepth out = array('B') mask = 2**self.bitdepth - 1 shifts = [self.bitdepth * i for i in reversed(list(range(spb)))] for o in raw: out.extend([mask&(o>>i) for i in shifts]) return out[:width] return map(asvalues, rows) def serialtoflat(self, bytes, width=None): """Convert serial format (byte stream) pixel data to flat row flat pixel. """ if self.bitdepth == 8: return bytes if self.bitdepth == 16: bytes = tostring(bytes) return array('H', struct.unpack('!%dH' % (len(bytes)//2), bytes)) assert self.bitdepth < 8 if width is None: width = self.width # Samples per byte spb = 8//self.bitdepth out = array('B') mask = 2**self.bitdepth - 1 shifts = list(map(self.bitdepth.__mul__, reversed(list(range(spb))))) l = width for o in bytes: out.extend([(mask&(o>>s)) for s in shifts][:l]) l -= spb if l <= 0: l = width return out def iterstraight(self, raw): """Iterator that undoes the effect of filtering, and yields each row in serialised format (as a sequence of bytes). Assumes input is straightlaced. `raw` should be an iterable that yields the raw bytes in chunks of arbitrary size. """ # length of row, in bytes rb = self.row_bytes a = array('B') # The previous (reconstructed) scanline. None indicates first # line of image. recon = None for some in raw: a.extend(some) while len(a) >= rb + 1: filter_type = a[0] scanline = a[1:rb+1] del a[:rb+1] recon = self.undo_filter(filter_type, scanline, recon) yield recon if len(a) != 0: # :file:format We get here with a file format error: # when the available bytes (after decompressing) do not # pack into exact rows. raise FormatError( 'Wrong size for decompressed IDAT chunk.') assert len(a) == 0 def validate_signature(self): """If signature (header) has not been read then read and validate it; otherwise do nothing. """ if self.signature: return self.signature = self.file.read(8) if self.signature != _signature: raise FormatError("PNG file has invalid signature.") def preamble(self, lenient=False): """ Extract the image metadata by reading the initial part of the PNG file up to the start of the ``IDAT`` chunk. All the chunks that precede the ``IDAT`` chunk are read and either processed for metadata or discarded. If the optional `lenient` argument evaluates to `True`, checksum failures will raise warnings rather than exceptions. """ self.validate_signature() while True: if not self.atchunk: self.atchunk = self.chunklentype() if self.atchunk is None: raise FormatError( 'This PNG file has no IDAT chunks.') if self.atchunk[1] == b'IDAT': return self.process_chunk(lenient=lenient) def chunklentype(self): """Reads just enough of the input to determine the next chunk's length and type, returned as a (*length*, *type*) pair where *type* is a string. If there are no more chunks, ``None`` is returned. """ x = self.file.read(8) if not x: return None if len(x) != 8: raise FormatError( 'End of file whilst reading chunk length and type.') length,type = struct.unpack('!I4s', x) if length > 2**31-1: raise FormatError('Chunk %s is too large: %d.' % (type,length)) return length,type def process_chunk(self, lenient=False): """Process the next chunk and its data. This only processes the following chunk types, all others are ignored: ``IHDR``, ``PLTE``, ``bKGD``, ``tRNS``, ``gAMA``, ``sBIT``, ``pHYs``. If the optional `lenient` argument evaluates to `True`, checksum failures will raise warnings rather than exceptions. """ type, data = self.chunk(lenient=lenient) method = '_process_' + as_str(type) m = getattr(self, method, None) if m: m(data) def _process_IHDR(self, data): # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IHDR if len(data) != 13: raise FormatError('IHDR chunk has incorrect length.') (self.width, self.height, self.bitdepth, self.color_type, self.compression, self.filter, self.interlace) = struct.unpack("!2I5B", data) check_bitdepth_colortype(self.bitdepth, self.color_type) if self.compression != 0: raise Error("unknown compression method %d" % self.compression) if self.filter != 0: raise FormatError("Unknown filter method %d," " see http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-PNG-20031110/#9Filters ." % self.filter) if self.interlace not in (0,1): raise FormatError("Unknown interlace method %d," " see http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-PNG-20031110/#8InterlaceMethods ." % self.interlace) # Derived values # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#6Colour-values colormap = bool(self.color_type & 1) greyscale = not (self.color_type & 2) alpha = bool(self.color_type & 4) color_planes = (3,1)[greyscale or colormap] planes = color_planes + alpha self.colormap = colormap self.greyscale = greyscale self.alpha = alpha self.color_planes = color_planes self.planes = planes self.psize = float(self.bitdepth)/float(8) * planes if int(self.psize) == self.psize: self.psize = int(self.psize) self.row_bytes = int(math.ceil(self.width * self.psize)) # Stores PLTE chunk if present, and is used to check # chunk ordering constraints. self.plte = None # Stores tRNS chunk if present, and is used to check chunk # ordering constraints. self.trns = None # Stores sbit chunk if present. self.sbit = None def _process_PLTE(self, data): # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11PLTE if self.plte: warnings.warn("Multiple PLTE chunks present.") self.plte = data if len(data) % 3 != 0: raise FormatError( "PLTE chunk's length should be a multiple of 3.") if len(data) > (2**self.bitdepth)*3: raise FormatError("PLTE chunk is too long.") if len(data) == 0: raise FormatError("Empty PLTE is not allowed.") def _process_bKGD(self, data): try: if self.colormap: if not self.plte: warnings.warn( "PLTE chunk is required before bKGD chunk.") self.background = struct.unpack('B', data) else: self.background = struct.unpack("!%dH" % self.color_planes, data) except struct.error: raise FormatError("bKGD chunk has incorrect length.") def _process_tRNS(self, data): # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11tRNS self.trns = data if self.colormap: if not self.plte: warnings.warn("PLTE chunk is required before tRNS chunk.") else: if len(data) > len(self.plte)/3: # Was warning, but promoted to Error as it # would otherwise cause pain later on. raise FormatError("tRNS chunk is too long.") else: if self.alpha: raise FormatError( "tRNS chunk is not valid with colour type %d." % self.color_type) try: self.transparent = \ struct.unpack("!%dH" % self.color_planes, data) except struct.error: raise FormatError("tRNS chunk has incorrect length.") def _process_gAMA(self, data): try: self.gamma = struct.unpack("!L", data)[0] / 100000.0 except struct.error: raise FormatError("gAMA chunk has incorrect length.") def _process_sBIT(self, data): self.sbit = data if (self.colormap and len(data) != 3 or not self.colormap and len(data) != self.planes): raise FormatError("sBIT chunk has incorrect length.") def _process_pHYs(self, data): # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11pHYs self.phys = data fmt = "!LLB" if len(data) != struct.calcsize(fmt): raise FormatError("pHYs chunk has incorrect length.") self.x_pixels_per_unit, self.y_pixels_per_unit, unit = struct.unpack(fmt,data) self.unit_is_meter = bool(unit) def read(self, lenient=False): """ Read the PNG file and decode it. Returns (`width`, `height`, `pixels`, `metadata`). May use excessive memory. `pixels` are returned in boxed row flat pixel format. If the optional `lenient` argument evaluates to True, checksum failures will raise warnings rather than exceptions. """ def iteridat(): """Iterator that yields all the ``IDAT`` chunks as strings.""" while True: try: type, data = self.chunk(lenient=lenient) except ValueError as e: raise ChunkError(e.args[0]) if type == b'IEND': # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IEND break if type != b'IDAT': continue # type == b'IDAT' # http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/#11IDAT if self.colormap and not self.plte: warnings.warn("PLTE chunk is required before IDAT chunk") yield data def iterdecomp(idat): """Iterator that yields decompressed strings. `idat` should be an iterator that yields the ``IDAT`` chunk data. """ # Currently, with no max_length parameter to decompress, # this routine will do one yield per IDAT chunk: Not very # incremental. d = zlib.decompressobj() # Each IDAT chunk is passed to the decompressor, then any # remaining state is decompressed out. for data in idat: # :todo: add a max_length argument here to limit output # size. yield array('B', d.decompress(data)) yield array('B', d.flush()) self.preamble(lenient=lenient) raw = iterdecomp(iteridat()) if self.interlace: raw = array('B', itertools.chain(*raw)) arraycode = 'BH'[self.bitdepth>8] # Like :meth:`group` but producing an array.array object for # each row. pixels = map(lambda *row: array(arraycode, row), *[iter(self.deinterlace(raw))]*self.width*self.planes) else: pixels = self.iterboxed(self.iterstraight(raw)) meta = dict() for attr in 'greyscale alpha planes bitdepth interlace'.split(): meta[attr] = getattr(self, attr) meta['size'] = (self.width, self.height) for attr in 'gamma transparent background'.split(): a = getattr(self, attr, None) if a is not None: meta[attr] = a if self.plte: meta['palette'] = self.palette() return self.width, self.height, pixels, meta def read_flat(self): """ Read a PNG file and decode it into flat row flat pixel format. Returns (*width*, *height*, *pixels*, *metadata*). May use excessive memory. `pixels` are returned in flat row flat pixel format. See also the :meth:`read` method which returns pixels in the more stream-friendly boxed row flat pixel format. """ x, y, pixel, meta = self.read() arraycode = 'BH'[meta['bitdepth']>8] pixel = array(arraycode, itertools.chain(*pixel)) return x, y, pixel, meta def palette(self, alpha='natural'): """Returns a palette that is a sequence of 3-tuples or 4-tuples, synthesizing it from the ``PLTE`` and ``tRNS`` chunks. These chunks should have already been processed (for example, by calling the :meth:`preamble` method). All the tuples are the same size: 3-tuples if there is no ``tRNS`` chunk, 4-tuples when there is a ``tRNS`` chunk. Assumes that the image is colour type 3 and therefore a ``PLTE`` chunk is required. If the `alpha` argument is ``'force'`` then an alpha channel is always added, forcing the result to be a sequence of 4-tuples. """ if not self.plte: raise FormatError( "Required PLTE chunk is missing in colour type 3 image.") plte = group(array('B', self.plte), 3) if self.trns or alpha == 'force': trns = array('B', self.trns or []) trns.extend([255]*(len(plte)-len(trns))) plte = list(map(operator.add, plte, group(trns, 1))) return plte def asDirect(self): """Returns the image data as a direct representation of an ``x * y * planes`` array. This method is intended to remove the need for callers to deal with palettes and transparency themselves. Images with a palette (colour type 3) are converted to RGB or RGBA; images with transparency (a ``tRNS`` chunk) are converted to LA or RGBA as appropriate. When returned in this format the pixel values represent the colour value directly without needing to refer to palettes or transparency information. Like the :meth:`read` method this method returns a 4-tuple: (*width*, *height*, *pixels*, *meta*) This method normally returns pixel values with the bit depth they have in the source image, but when the source PNG has an ``sBIT`` chunk it is inspected and can reduce the bit depth of the result pixels; pixel values will be reduced according to the bit depth specified in the ``sBIT`` chunk (PNG nerds should note a single result bit depth is used for all channels; the maximum of the ones specified in the ``sBIT`` chunk. An RGB565 image will be rescaled to 6-bit RGB666). The *meta* dictionary that is returned reflects the `direct` format and not the original source image. For example, an RGB source image with a ``tRNS`` chunk to represent a transparent colour, will have ``planes=3`` and ``alpha=False`` for the source image, but the *meta* dictionary returned by this method will have ``planes=4`` and ``alpha=True`` because an alpha channel is synthesized and added. *pixels* is the pixel data in boxed row flat pixel format (just like the :meth:`read` method). All the other aspects of the image data are not changed. """ self.preamble() # Simple case, no conversion necessary. if not self.colormap and not self.trns and not self.sbit: return self.read() x,y,pixels,meta = self.read() if self.colormap: meta['colormap'] = False meta['alpha'] = bool(self.trns) meta['bitdepth'] = 8 meta['planes'] = 3 + bool(self.trns) plte = self.palette() def iterpal(pixels): for row in pixels: row = [plte[x] for x in row] yield array('B', itertools.chain(*row)) pixels = iterpal(pixels) elif self.trns: # It would be nice if there was some reasonable way # of doing this without generating a whole load of # intermediate tuples. But tuples does seem like the # easiest way, with no other way clearly much simpler or # much faster. (Actually, the L to LA conversion could # perhaps go faster (all those 1-tuples!), but I still # wonder whether the code proliferation is worth it) it = self.transparent maxval = 2**meta['bitdepth']-1 planes = meta['planes'] meta['alpha'] = True meta['planes'] += 1 typecode = 'BH'[meta['bitdepth']>8] def itertrns(pixels): for row in pixels: # For each row we group it into pixels, then form a # characterisation vector that says whether each # pixel is opaque or not. Then we convert # True/False to 0/maxval (by multiplication), # and add it as the extra channel. row = group(row, planes) opa = map(it.__ne__, row) opa = map(maxval.__mul__, opa) opa = list(zip(opa)) # convert to 1-tuples yield array(typecode, itertools.chain(*map(operator.add, row, opa))) pixels = itertrns(pixels) targetbitdepth = None if self.sbit: sbit = struct.unpack('%dB' % len(self.sbit), self.sbit) targetbitdepth = max(sbit) if targetbitdepth > meta['bitdepth']: raise Error('sBIT chunk %r exceeds bitdepth %d' % (sbit,self.bitdepth)) if min(sbit) <= 0: raise Error('sBIT chunk %r has a 0-entry' % sbit) if targetbitdepth == meta['bitdepth']: targetbitdepth = None if targetbitdepth: shift = meta['bitdepth'] - targetbitdepth meta['bitdepth'] = targetbitdepth def itershift(pixels): for row in pixels: yield [p >> shift for p in row] pixels = itershift(pixels) return x,y,pixels,meta def asFloat(self, maxval=1.0): """Return image pixels as per :meth:`asDirect` method, but scale all pixel values to be floating point values between 0.0 and *maxval*. """ x,y,pixels,info = self.asDirect() sourcemaxval = 2**info['bitdepth']-1 del info['bitdepth'] info['maxval'] = float(maxval) factor = float(maxval)/float(sourcemaxval) def iterfloat(): for row in pixels: yield [factor * p for p in row] return x,y,iterfloat(),info def _as_rescale(self, get, targetbitdepth): """Helper used by :meth:`asRGB8` and :meth:`asRGBA8`.""" width,height,pixels,meta = get() maxval = 2**meta['bitdepth'] - 1 targetmaxval = 2**targetbitdepth - 1 factor = float(targetmaxval) / float(maxval) meta['bitdepth'] = targetbitdepth def iterscale(): for row in pixels: yield [int(round(x*factor)) for x in row] if maxval == targetmaxval: return width, height, pixels, meta else: return width, height, iterscale(), meta def asRGB8(self): """Return the image data as an RGB pixels with 8-bits per sample. This is like the :meth:`asRGB` method except that this method additionally rescales the values so that they are all between 0 and 255 (8-bit). In the case where the source image has a bit depth < 8 the transformation preserves all the information; where the source image has bit depth > 8, then rescaling to 8-bit values loses precision. No dithering is performed. Like :meth:`asRGB`, an alpha channel in the source image will raise an exception. This function returns a 4-tuple: (*width*, *height*, *pixels*, *metadata*). *width*, *height*, *metadata* are as per the :meth:`read` method. *pixels* is the pixel data in boxed row flat pixel format. """ return self._as_rescale(self.asRGB, 8) def asRGBA8(self): """Return the image data as RGBA pixels with 8-bits per sample. This method is similar to :meth:`asRGB8` and :meth:`asRGBA`: The result pixels have an alpha channel, *and* values are rescaled to the range 0 to 255. The alpha channel is synthesized if necessary (with a small speed penalty). """ return self._as_rescale(self.asRGBA, 8) def asRGB(self): """Return image as RGB pixels. RGB colour images are passed through unchanged; greyscales are expanded into RGB triplets (there is a small speed overhead for doing this). An alpha channel in the source image will raise an exception. The return values are as for the :meth:`read` method except that the *metadata* reflect the returned pixels, not the source image. In particular, for this method ``metadata['greyscale']`` will be ``False``. """ width,height,pixels,meta = self.asDirect() if meta['alpha']: raise Error("will not convert image with alpha channel to RGB") if not meta['greyscale']: return width,height,pixels,meta meta['greyscale'] = False typecode = 'BH'[meta['bitdepth'] > 8] def iterrgb(): for row in pixels: a = array(typecode, [0]) * 3 * width for i in range(3): a[i::3] = row yield a return width,height,iterrgb(),meta def asRGBA(self): """Return image as RGBA pixels. Greyscales are expanded into RGB triplets; an alpha channel is synthesized if necessary. The return values are as for the :meth:`read` method except that the *metadata* reflect the returned pixels, not the source image. In particular, for this method ``metadata['greyscale']`` will be ``False``, and ``metadata['alpha']`` will be ``True``. """ width,height,pixels,meta = self.asDirect() if meta['alpha'] and not meta['greyscale']: return width,height,pixels,meta typecode = 'BH'[meta['bitdepth'] > 8] maxval = 2**meta['bitdepth'] - 1 maxbuffer = struct.pack('=' + typecode, maxval) * 4 * width def newarray(): return array(typecode, maxbuffer) if meta['alpha'] and meta['greyscale']: # LA to RGBA def convert(): for row in pixels: # Create a fresh target row, then copy L channel # into first three target channels, and A channel # into fourth channel. a = newarray() pngfilters.convert_la_to_rgba(row, a) yield a elif meta['greyscale']: # L to RGBA def convert(): for row in pixels: a = newarray() pngfilters.convert_l_to_rgba(row, a) yield a else: assert not meta['alpha'] and not meta['greyscale'] # RGB to RGBA def convert(): for row in pixels: a = newarray() pngfilters.convert_rgb_to_rgba(row, a) yield a meta['alpha'] = True meta['greyscale'] = False return width,height,convert(),meta def check_bitdepth_colortype(bitdepth, colortype): """Check that `bitdepth` and `colortype` are both valid, and specified in a valid combination. Returns if valid, raise an Exception if not valid. """ if bitdepth not in (1,2,4,8,16): raise FormatError("invalid bit depth %d" % bitdepth) if colortype not in (0,2,3,4,6): raise FormatError("invalid colour type %d" % colortype) # Check indexed (palettized) images have 8 or fewer bits # per pixel; check only indexed or greyscale images have # fewer than 8 bits per pixel. if colortype & 1 and bitdepth > 8: raise FormatError( "Indexed images (colour type %d) cannot" " have bitdepth > 8 (bit depth %d)." " See http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-PNG-20031110/#table111 ." % (bitdepth, colortype)) if bitdepth < 8 and colortype not in (0,3): raise FormatError("Illegal combination of bit depth (%d)" " and colour type (%d)." " See http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-PNG-20031110/#table111 ." % (bitdepth, colortype)) def isinteger(x): try: return int(x) == x except (TypeError, ValueError): return False # === Support for users without Cython === try: pngfilters except NameError: class pngfilters(object): def undo_filter_sub(filter_unit, scanline, previous, result): """Undo sub filter.""" ai = 0 # Loops starts at index fu. Observe that the initial part # of the result is already filled in correctly with # scanline. for i in range(filter_unit, len(result)): x = scanline[i] a = result[ai] result[i] = (x + a) & 0xff ai += 1 undo_filter_sub = staticmethod(undo_filter_sub) def undo_filter_up(filter_unit, scanline, previous, result): """Undo up filter.""" for i in range(len(result)): x = scanline[i] b = previous[i] result[i] = (x + b) & 0xff undo_filter_up = staticmethod(undo_filter_up) def undo_filter_average(filter_unit, scanline, previous, result): """Undo up filter.""" ai = -filter_unit for i in range(len(result)): x = scanline[i] if ai < 0: a = 0 else: a = result[ai] b = previous[i] result[i] = (x + ((a + b) >> 1)) & 0xff ai += 1 undo_filter_average = staticmethod(undo_filter_average) def undo_filter_paeth(filter_unit, scanline, previous, result): """Undo Paeth filter.""" # Also used for ci. ai = -filter_unit for i in range(len(result)): x = scanline[i] if ai < 0: a = c = 0 else: a = result[ai] c = previous[ai] b = previous[i] p = a + b - c pa = abs(p - a) pb = abs(p - b) pc = abs(p - c) if pa <= pb and pa <= pc: pr = a elif pb <= pc: pr = b else: pr = c result[i] = (x + pr) & 0xff ai += 1 undo_filter_paeth = staticmethod(undo_filter_paeth) def convert_la_to_rgba(row, result): for i in range(3): result[i::4] = row[0::2] result[3::4] = row[1::2] convert_la_to_rgba = staticmethod(convert_la_to_rgba) def convert_l_to_rgba(row, result): """Convert a grayscale image to RGBA. This method assumes the alpha channel in result is already correctly initialized. """ for i in range(3): result[i::4] = row convert_l_to_rgba = staticmethod(convert_l_to_rgba) def convert_rgb_to_rgba(row, result): """Convert an RGB image to RGBA. This method assumes the alpha channel in result is already correctly initialized. """ for i in range(3): result[i::4] = row[i::3] convert_rgb_to_rgba = staticmethod(convert_rgb_to_rgba) # === Command Line Support === def read_pam_header(infile): """ Read (the rest of a) PAM header. `infile` should be positioned immediately after the initial 'P7' line (at the beginning of the second line). Returns are as for `read_pnm_header`. """ # Unlike PBM, PGM, and PPM, we can read the header a line at a time. header = dict() while True: l = infile.readline().strip() if l == b'ENDHDR': break if not l: raise EOFError('PAM ended prematurely') if l[0] == b'#': continue l = l.split(None, 1) if l[0] not in header: header[l[0]] = l[1] else: header[l[0]] += b' ' + l[1] required = [b'WIDTH', b'HEIGHT', b'DEPTH', b'MAXVAL'] WIDTH,HEIGHT,DEPTH,MAXVAL = required present = [x for x in required if x in header] if len(present) != len(required): raise Error('PAM file must specify WIDTH, HEIGHT, DEPTH, and MAXVAL') width = int(header[WIDTH]) height = int(header[HEIGHT]) depth = int(header[DEPTH]) maxval = int(header[MAXVAL]) if (width <= 0 or height <= 0 or depth <= 0 or maxval <= 0): raise Error( 'WIDTH, HEIGHT, DEPTH, MAXVAL must all be positive integers') return 'P7', width, height, depth, maxval def read_pnm_header(infile, supported=(b'P5', b'P6')): """ Read a PNM header, returning (format,width,height,depth,maxval). `width` and `height` are in pixels. `depth` is the number of channels in the image; for PBM and PGM it is synthesized as 1, for PPM as 3; for PAM images it is read from the header. `maxval` is synthesized (as 1) for PBM images. """ # Generally, see http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/ppm.html # and http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pam.html # Technically 'P7' must be followed by a newline, so by using # rstrip() we are being liberal in what we accept. I think this # is acceptable. type = infile.read(3).rstrip() if type not in supported: raise NotImplementedError('file format %s not supported' % type) if type == b'P7': # PAM header parsing is completely different. return read_pam_header(infile) # Expected number of tokens in header (3 for P4, 4 for P6) expected = 4 pbm = (b'P1', b'P4') if type in pbm: expected = 3 header = [type] # We have to read the rest of the header byte by byte because the # final whitespace character (immediately following the MAXVAL in # the case of P6) may not be a newline. Of course all PNM files in # the wild use a newline at this point, so it's tempting to use # readline; but it would be wrong. def getc(): c = infile.read(1) if not c: raise Error('premature EOF reading PNM header') return c c = getc() while True: # Skip whitespace that precedes a token. while c.isspace(): c = getc() # Skip comments. while c == '#': while c not in b'\n\r': c = getc() if not c.isdigit(): raise Error('unexpected character %s found in header' % c) # According to the specification it is legal to have comments # that appear in the middle of a token. # This is bonkers; I've never seen it; and it's a bit awkward to # code good lexers in Python (no goto). So we break on such # cases. token = b'' while c.isdigit(): token += c c = getc() # Slight hack. All "tokens" are decimal integers, so convert # them here. header.append(int(token)) if len(header) == expected: break # Skip comments (again) while c == '#': while c not in '\n\r': c = getc() if not c.isspace(): raise Error('expected header to end with whitespace, not %s' % c) if type in pbm: # synthesize a MAXVAL header.append(1) depth = (1,3)[type == b'P6'] return header[0], header[1], header[2], depth, header[3] def write_pnm(file, width, height, pixels, meta): """Write a Netpbm PNM/PAM file. """ bitdepth = meta['bitdepth'] maxval = 2**bitdepth - 1 # Rudely, the number of image planes can be used to determine # whether we are L (PGM), LA (PAM), RGB (PPM), or RGBA (PAM). planes = meta['planes'] # Can be an assert as long as we assume that pixels and meta came # from a PNG file. assert planes in (1,2,3,4) if planes in (1,3): if 1 == planes: # PGM # Could generate PBM if maxval is 1, but we don't (for one # thing, we'd have to convert the data, not just blat it # out). fmt = 'P5' else: # PPM fmt = 'P6' header = '%s %d %d %d\n' % (fmt, width, height, maxval) if planes in (2,4): # PAM # See http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pam.html if 2 == planes: tupltype = 'GRAYSCALE_ALPHA' else: tupltype = 'RGB_ALPHA' header = ('P7\nWIDTH %d\nHEIGHT %d\nDEPTH %d\nMAXVAL %d\n' 'TUPLTYPE %s\nENDHDR\n' % (width, height, planes, maxval, tupltype)) file.write(header.encode('ascii')) # Values per row vpr = planes * width # struct format fmt = '>%d' % vpr if maxval > 0xff: fmt = fmt + 'H' else: fmt = fmt + 'B' for row in pixels: file.write(struct.pack(fmt, *row)) file.flush() def color_triple(color): """ Convert a command line colour value to a RGB triple of integers. FIXME: Somewhere we need support for greyscale backgrounds etc. """ if color.startswith('#') and len(color) == 4: return (int(color[1], 16), int(color[2], 16), int(color[3], 16)) if color.startswith('#') and len(color) == 7: return (int(color[1:3], 16), int(color[3:5], 16), int(color[5:7], 16)) elif color.startswith('#') and len(color) == 13: return (int(color[1:5], 16), int(color[5:9], 16), int(color[9:13], 16)) def _add_common_options(parser): """Call *parser.add_option* for each of the options that are common between this PNG--PNM conversion tool and the gen tool. """ parser.add_option("-i", "--interlace", default=False, action="store_true", help="create an interlaced PNG file (Adam7)") parser.add_option("-t", "--transparent", action="store", type="string", metavar="#RRGGBB", help="mark the specified colour as transparent") parser.add_option("-b", "--background", action="store", type="string", metavar="#RRGGBB", help="save the specified background colour") parser.add_option("-g", "--gamma", action="store", type="float", metavar="value", help="save the specified gamma value") parser.add_option("-c", "--compression", action="store", type="int", metavar="level", help="zlib compression level (0-9)") return parser def _main(argv): """ Run the PNG encoder with options from the command line. """ # Parse command line arguments from optparse import OptionParser version = '%prog ' + __version__ parser = OptionParser(version=version) parser.set_usage("%prog [options] [imagefile]") parser.add_option('-r', '--read-png', default=False, action='store_true', help='Read PNG, write PNM') parser.add_option("-a", "--alpha", action="store", type="string", metavar="pgmfile", help="alpha channel transparency (RGBA)") _add_common_options(parser) (options, args) = parser.parse_args(args=argv[1:]) # Convert options if options.transparent is not None: options.transparent = color_triple(options.transparent) if options.background is not None: options.background = color_triple(options.background) # Prepare input and output files if len(args) == 0: infilename = '-' infile = sys.stdin elif len(args) == 1: infilename = args[0] infile = open(infilename, 'rb') else: parser.error("more than one input file") outfile = sys.stdout if sys.platform == "win32": import msvcrt, os msvcrt.setmode(sys.stdout.fileno(), os.O_BINARY) if options.read_png: # Encode PNG to PPM png = Reader(file=infile) width,height,pixels,meta = png.asDirect() write_pnm(outfile, width, height, pixels, meta) else: # Encode PNM to PNG format, width, height, depth, maxval = \ read_pnm_header(infile, (b'P5',b'P6',b'P7')) # When it comes to the variety of input formats, we do something # rather rude. Observe that L, LA, RGB, RGBA are the 4 colour # types supported by PNG and that they correspond to 1, 2, 3, 4 # channels respectively. So we use the number of channels in # the source image to determine which one we have. We do not # care about TUPLTYPE. greyscale = depth <= 2 pamalpha = depth in (2,4) supported = [2**x-1 for x in range(1,17)] try: mi = supported.index(maxval) except ValueError: raise NotImplementedError( 'your maxval (%s) not in supported list %s' % (maxval, str(supported))) bitdepth = mi+1 writer = Writer(width, height, greyscale=greyscale, bitdepth=bitdepth, interlace=options.interlace, transparent=options.transparent, background=options.background, alpha=bool(pamalpha or options.alpha), gamma=options.gamma, compression=options.compression) if options.alpha: pgmfile = open(options.alpha, 'rb') format, awidth, aheight, adepth, amaxval = \ read_pnm_header(pgmfile, 'P5') if amaxval != '255': raise NotImplementedError( 'maxval %s not supported for alpha channel' % amaxval) if (awidth, aheight) != (width, height): raise ValueError("alpha channel image size mismatch" " (%s has %sx%s but %s has %sx%s)" % (infilename, width, height, options.alpha, awidth, aheight)) writer.convert_ppm_and_pgm(infile, pgmfile, outfile) else: writer.convert_pnm(infile, outfile) if __name__ == '__main__': try: _main(sys.argv) except Error as e: print(e, file=sys.stderr)