I. Purpose of this document *

II. Question Object functionality overview *

Prescriptive description elements *

Operational characteristic of Question Objects *

Appendix *

1. Purpose of this document

1. Question Object functionality overview

• Recognize the correct answer from a set of choices
• Simple choice between alternatives (True/False object)
• Select one or more items that apply to a particular situation
  (Multiple Choice/Multiple Correct)
• Discovery learning through response-specific immediate feedback.
• Use as a menu to choose a media clip to play
• Use as a menu to branch to different pages

• Answer weighting allows you to penalize incorrect answers. You can use answer weighting to evaluate the correctness of responses, whether or not you want to formally score the question.
• Variable number of choices. You can have as many or as few choices as you like.

• Randomization: You can specify that the distracters and position of the correct response(s) be randomized every time the question is reset.
• Extra distracters: There may be more distracters than are actually shown at the time a randomized question is shown. Obviously the shown set always includes the correct answer(s).
• Variable number of choices: You are not limited to 4 choices.
• An author should be able to modify the appearance and arrangement of the buttons at will. Just remember that, if you randomize the choices, the smallest button must accommodate the caption of the largest.

• Randomization: You can specify that the distracters and position of the correct response(s) be randomized every time the question is reset.
• Extra distracters: There may be more distracters than are actually shown at the time a randomized question is shown. Obviously the shown set always includes the correct answer(s).
• Variable number of choices: You are not limited to 4 choices.
• Fully customizable fields: You can modify the style properties and arrangement of the fields at will. However, if you randomize the choices, the smallest field must accommodate the text of the largest, unless some automatic layout functionality can be counted on to fix things up.

• Use any object on the page or in the scene as a choice. The name of the object constitutes the response.
• Variable number of choices. You can define as many choices as you want by adding objects.
• Choice is highlighted: The chosen object is indicated by an unobtrusive but obvious rectangle or other discrete highlight drawn around it.

• Discovery learning: Point to a feature of a map or a picture and pop up an explanation or play a sound.
• Use it as a graphical menu for hypernavigation.
• Classic multiple choice options, including multiple correct (e.g. shopping basket)

• Use with custom graphics of your choice
• Use with text fields where you prefer the choice highlighting style provided by this object.
• Use with hotspots (transparent polygons or rectangles) over pictures or other visual elements.

• Randomization: You can specify that the choices be randomized.
• Caption can be anything you like (True/False, Yes/No, etc.)
• Direct editing of captions: You can modify the caption of the button directly while at author level, or modify the caption by editing the answer in the Question Properties dialog box.
• Fully customizable buttons: You can modify the appearance and arrangement of the buttons at will. Just remember that, if you randomize the choices, the smallest button must accommodate the caption of the largest.

• Evaluation of short constructed answers
• Long form constructed answers in which some words or sentences should appear.
• Discovery learning through response-specific immediate feedback.

• Recognize exact matches.
• Can ignore case.
• Can recognize misspellings.
• Can match on wildcards.
• Can ignore punctuation.
• Can ignore word order
• Complex response evaluation possible through expressions
• You can change the order in which the response evaluation engine tries to recognize answers -- just drag the answer up or down in the question editor.
• Answer weighting for specific answers. You can use answer weighting to evaluate the correctness of responses, whether or not you want to formally score the question.
• Variable number of choices. You can have as many or as few choices as you like.
• See also the special features described for each specific fill-in the blank object in the sections that follow.

• You set the length to allow for the response.
• This object takes its font properties from the field in which it is dropped.
• The text gap fill-in-the blank object cannot be made wider than the field in which it appears, because word wrap is not allowed within this object.

• Language arts (reorder jumbled sentence.)
• Learner tasks that involve ordering or ranking
• Reinforce or test procedural knowledge where the order of tasks is critical.

• Object automatically detects whether to reorder by text line or by word.
• Number of items to reorder is limited by the field capacity -- more items than one would ever one to reorder.
• Response evaluation is either "all or nothing" -- either the order is correct, or it is not, or it uses a complex algorithm to determine the proportion of items in the correct order.

• Put a name label on a specific object of the page.
• Place a part in the correct position in an assembly.
• Place a part in one of several acceptable positions in an assembly
• Kinesthetic alternative to multiple choice questions, instead of just clicking, you must drag something to the object you choose to indicate your choice.

• Learning feedback. If the object is dropped onto an unrecognized object, the Question Object can reject the drop and move back to its previous position.
• If the object is recognized, the Question Object can snap to the center of the object onto which it is dropped.

• Place the correct part in the correct position in an assembly
• Kinesthetic alternative to multiple choice questions, instead of just clicking, you must drag the object you choose to indicate your choice.

• Learning feedback. You can specify that objects that are unrecognized or incorrectly placed get automatically put back in their original position.

• Place the correct part in the correct position in an assembly
• Kinesthetic alternative to multiple choice questions, instead of just clicking, you must drag the object you choose to indicate your choice.

• Learning feedback. You can specify that objects that are unrecognized or incorrectly placed get automatically put back in their original position.

• Reconstruct an object out of parts randomly placed on the page
• Place the correct parts in the correct position in an assembly
• Place labels on a map or diagram
• Match objects with a their place in a picture

• Learning feedback. You can specify that objects that are unrecognized or incorrectly placed get automatically put back in their original position.
• Anchor object: You can specify an anchor object that remains in its correct position as a hint to users.
• "Tray" to contain the objects: You can specify another object on the page as the area where the objects to move are arranged randomly when the question is reset.
• Snap to position: You can specify how close the object can be to the correct location before it snaps into position.
• Uses object names: You can replace the objects with objects of another type as long as they have the same name. For example, you can use fields that contain an art specification as temporary objects while storyboarding, and then replace them with graphic objects.

• Classification: Associate objects with their class (for example, associate images with names.) at various levels of abstraction.
• Connections: Connect related objects.

• Judgment calls, where the answer is approximate along a continuum of values.
• With minor scripting, to let the learner control the behavior of a simulation and/or the speed of an animation, or the position of another object.
• Discovery learning by successive approximations with immediate feedback.

• Language arts: Identify specific words or parts of text, such as the verb in a sentence.
• Programming, legal or medical: Mark critical parts of a text.
• Language arts: Translate or "speak" parts of a text as the user selects specific words or sentences (by resetting object after playing each immediate feedback)

Element or property	Required	Description
Date.Activation	No	The date at which the Question Object becomes valid (in ISO date format as per W3C specs.)
Date.Expiration	No	The date at which the Question Object is no longer valid (in ISO date format as per W3C specs.)
Difficulty	No	The difficulty level of the question, using IEEE1484 scale for learning objects (not yet defined as of this writing.)
ID	Yes	A GUID (unique in the whole wide world) -- Because the ID is unique, you can use it to "connect" the response analysis elements with responses to a Question Object in, say, the data file that is the result of administering a test.
Name	No	A name that can be used to identify the Question Object in programs, reports, etc. If no name is available, the prompt text (or a shortened version of it) can be used.	T
Objective	No	A sentence describing the Question Object’s objective, using the standard ISD objective format, for example "given the numbers 5 and 4, the student will compute the square root of the sum of their squares with a precision of 2 decimal places in less than 3 minutes." The objective is for the benefit of human readers only.
QType	Yes	The type of question strategy used by the object (multiple choice, etc.). A mime type can be derived from this property (e.g. "testItem/multiple choice"). If Qtype is null, assume it is a multiple choice item. See appendix for a list of Qtypes. As with mime types, new Qtypes can be added to a system as long as there is an engine for that particular type.	T
Scored	No	Specifies whether this is a scored test item or not. For example, a practice question or a object used in discovery is not typically scored (although it may have a correctness status used to choose remediation or feedback.) Although it is also a behavior property, this property is included in the metadata functional set because it can be used to select objects for practice vs. testing, for example.	T
Title	No	The title of the Question Object, as it shown to the user if the context requires it. If not specified, name is shown instead.
Topic	No	A reference to a topic area to which the question applies. If the object is to be published outside, or longevity is a concern, the meaning of this property should depend on the subject matter authority. See Learning Object standards work groups for guidance.
Other properties	No	Other generic metadata properties, such as Author, publisher, etc. as defined by LOMG, IEEE1484, etc.

Element or property	Required	Description
Randomize	No	If the Question Object contains elements that can be randomized, specifies whether those elements will be randomized when the question is reset. For example, the presentation order of the distracters of a multiple choice question may be randomized.	T
NumChoices	No	For a randomized multiple choice question, the number of choices actually presented; this may be less than the number of distracters defined for the question. Of course, when randomizing, the distracters selected always include the correct choice(s) .	T
Prompt.Text	No	The text of the question, as it should be displayed when prompting the student for a response. Note that for some questions this text may be quite long. The engine displaying the question must be able to handle long text.
Prompt.SRC	No	A URL or URN that specifies the text or other form of prompting, if stored externally to the Question Object. This can be a reference to a media file, graphic, etc. or more simply to a text file.
Prompt.<…>	No	Any other property of the question text, such as font size, etc.
Other properties	No	Other properties that depend on the type of question.	T
InputMask.Shown	No	If an input mask is specified for a fill-in-the-blank Question Object, determines whether the mask is shown or not. For example, " - - "
IMG	No	A URL or URN reference to a graphic that is used as backdrop for the Question Object. When the distracters are hotspots, their position and scale are relative to the position and size of this graphic.
Answer.Text	No	The text of the answer element, as it should be displayed when prompting the student for a response. For example, the caption of a button in a multiple-choice question that presents choices as buttons.	T
Answer.SRC	No	A URL or URN that specifies the text or other form of the answer element, if stored externally to the Question Object. This can be a reference to a media file, graphic, etc. or more simply to a text file.
Answer.Height	No	Width of the rectangular area devoted to the answer element (as per HTML 4.0 specs).
Answer.Width	No	Height of the rectangular area devoted to the answer element (as per HTML 4.0 specs)
Answer.RespondedState.IMG	No	A URL or URN that specifies the graphic to use in an answer element to indicate that the element has been chosen for a response, if stored externally to the Question Object. For example, a checked choice in a multiple choice question would use such a graphic.	T
Answer.Position	No	The position of the answer element, as it should be shown before any response by the student.
Answer.name	No	A human-readable name given to the answer. Useful to identify the answer in response analysis reports when the corresponding response specification would be otherwise difficult to interpret.	T
Answer.IMG	No	A URL or URN that specifies the graphic to use in an answer element, if stored externally to the Question Object. This can be used along with Answer.SRC to combine a caption with a graphic.	T
Answer.ID	No	The ID of one answer element. One or more answers may be recognized. For example, for a multiple-choice question, each answer is shown as a choice. The correct answer, if it exists, is shown in the Presentation element as just another answer. Each answer has a unique ID, which is used for feedback, etc. The Response Analysis element contains matching IDs that identify specific answers.	T
Answer.<...>	No	Any other property of the answer element, such as position, style, etc.

Element or property	Description
Answer.Correct	True or false. If no answer weight is specified, this element is used to compute the weight of the answer. Note that an answer may be correct but have a weight of less than 100%, as in a multiple choice-multiple correct Question Object, or in a short answer Question Object where the answer is not incorrect but is less than optimal.	T
Answer.Expression	For a fill-in-the-blank or essay Question Object, an expression used to evaluate whether the student response matches this answer. The expression returns true or false. The syntax for Answer.Expression element allows you to specify a language as well as the expression itself, and is the same as when specifying an expression or function in HTML 3.x. The syntax of the expression depends on the language interpreter(s) available on the platform, which is why you can specify several expressions for an answer. The language syntax would typically be Javascript. Vbscript, OpenScript or Java may also be supported by some engines The variable "it" or first parameter passed to the function called by the expression will contain the text of the student response when the expression is invoked. This element will get refined as expression evaluation standards emerge for online delivery.	T
Answer.ID	The ID of one answer element. This ID matches that of the corresponding answer element in the Presentation part of the prescriptive description.	T
Answer.Match.IgnoreBlanks	For a fill-in-the-blank Question Object, whether to ignore extra blank space between words when attempting to match the student response with this answer..	T
Answer.Match .IgnorePunctuation	For a fill-in-the-blank Question Object, whether to ignore punctuation when matching the student response with this answer.	T
Answer.Match .IgnoreWordOrder	For a fill-in-the-blank Question Object, whether to ignore the word order when attempting to match the student response with this answer..	T
Answer.Match.MatchCase	For a fill-in-the-blank Question Object, whether to make the match case-sensitive.	T
Answer.Match.Phonetic	For a fill-in-the-blank Question Object, whether to attempt to match the student response phonetically with this answer.	T
Answer.Text	For a fill-in-the-blank Question Object, the text against which the student response is matched to determine whether this is a recognized answer.	T
Answer.Weight	The weight assigned to the answer, as a proportion of the score weight of the Question Object. Example: 0.5. Can be expressed as a percentage if a "%" suffix is appended. Can be negative. For example, "-25%".	T
Score.max	Maximum scoring points available for the Question Object, as an integer number. Default value is 1. This element may also be echoed in the Presentation element to be available at runtime for use in exams, as in "This question is worth 10 points."	T
Score.Method	Method used to score: Either exact, min, or max. Exact uses the weight of answer(s) and can yield a fractional score. Min returns the lowest possible score if the answer(s) are not 100% correct. Max returns the highest possible score if the answer(s) are not 100% incorrect.	T
Score.min	Minimum scoring points for the Question Object, as an integer number. If this element is not specified, the default minimum is 0. Negative points.min may be used when incorrect responses to a Question Object should penalize the overall score for the test. It can also be useful in applications other than exams, as when the Question Object is used to measure scalar responses in a survey, or is used to trigger branching for a particularly bad score.	T
Weight	The weight assigned to the Question Object, as a proportion of total score for the test or exam in which the Question Object is used. Example: 0.5. Can be expressed as a percentage if a "%" suffix is appended. Can be negative. For example, "-25%". The weight is used only if a specific scoring points.max value is not available for the Question Object. If the scoring weights for Question Objects in a test must be used, and they add up to more than 100%, the application that scores the test must normalize the scoring weights before calculating individual question scores. This element may also be echoed in the Presentation element to be available at runtime for use in exams..	T
<…>	Other properties that depend on the type of question.

Element or property	Description
Answer.Feedback.Event	Event(s) to be raised as feedback. Syntax allows for defining the language used by the event, and to specify more than one language. Can include parameters. If the language allows, some parameters may be expressions referencing properties of the object, or the answer itself (For example: the value of answer.status.response could be passed as a parameter to construct a complex feedback string)	T
Answer.Feedback.Hyperlink	Hyperlink to execute as feedback for the specific answer. Can specify a popup window, or navigation in the current window. Generic navigation values such as "next", "previous" etc. can also be used (as interpreted by the application that provides the context)	T
Answer.Feedback.Media	Media element to play as feedback for a specific answer.	T
Answer.Feedback.Media.SRC	URL or URN of the media element to play as feedback for a specific answer.	T
Answer.Feedback.Media.Stage	Where to play the feedback media for a specific answer. The special name "popup" specifies that the media should pop up as close as possible to the actual answer element on the screen, without covering it if possible.	T
Answer.Feedback.Media.Wait	Specifies that the system should wait until the media feedback has finished "playing" to continue. Value can be true, false, none or a number of milliseconds.	T
Answer.Feedback.Order	The order of the feedback elements to play for a specific answer. If not specified, the feedback elements play in the order where they are listed in the data file. Example: "Media,text,event,hyperlink"
Answer.Feedback.Text.Stage	Where to play the feedback text for a specific answer. The special name "popup" specifies that the text should pop up as close as possible to the actual answer element on the screen, without covering it if possible.	T
Answer.Feedback.Text.Text	Text to "play" as feedback for a specific answer.	T
Answer.Feedback.Text.IfMediaFail	True or false; if true, the text is shown only if the specified media could not be played for whatever reason.	T
Answer.Feedback.Text.Wait	Specifies that the system should wait until the text feedback has finished "playing" to continue. Value can be true, false, none or a number of milliseconds.
Answer.Match.Confirm	For a fill-in-the-blank Question Object, specifies whether the student should be asked to confirm when inexact matching found a possible answer. For example, "Waterloo" would be used in "Do you mean ‘Waterloo’ ?" if phonetic matching is enabled and the student answered "Waterlou." This behavior may require that at least some of the response analysis engine functionality be available at runtime, in order to match the response with an expected answer.	T
Answer.Match.ConfirmString	For a fill-in-the-blank Question Object, the text to insert in a prompt asking the student to confirm when inexact matching found a possible answer. For example, "Waterloo" would be used in "Do you mean ‘Waterloo’ ?" if phonetic matching is enabled and the student answered "Waterlou." If the student confirms, the text typed by the student is corrected by replacing it with this string.	T
DragSnap	If specified, this property determines whether drag/drop operations will snap to the nearest recognized position or size to ensure precise positioning or sizing.	T
DragSnapRadius	If specified, this property specifies the radius of the "snap capture" zone for a Question Object that involves a dragging activity.	T
Feedback.Correct.<…>	Specifies summary feedback to play as summary feedback when the status.correctness of the object is "1" (all correct). Sub-properties are the same as for Answer.Feedback.	T
Feedback.AutoTrigger.Correctness	A status.correctness value that is used as a threshold to trigger summary feedback automatically. For example, in a Multiple Choice/Multiple Correct question, feedback could be triggered when the response is 80% correct.
Feedback.AutoTrigger.Time	Elapsed time used as a threshold to trigger summary feedback automatically. For example, feedback could be triggered after 15 seconds.
Feedback.AutoTrigger.Tries	Number of tries used as a threshold to trigger summary feedback automatically. For example, feedback could be triggered after 3 tries.
Feedback.Immediate.Type	Specifies which type of feedback should be triggered immediately following a response: None, response-specific, summary, or both.
Feedback.Incorrect.<…>	Specifies summary feedback to play as summary feedback when the status.correctness of the object is "0" (all incorrect). Sub-properties are the same as for Answer.Feedback.	T
Feedback.PartiallyCorrect.<…>	Specifies summary feedback to play as summary feedback when the status.correctness of the object > 0 and < 1 (partially correct). Sub-properties are the same as for Answer.Feedback.	T
Feedback.Triggered.Type	Specifies which type of feedback should be played when an external event triggers the feedback: None, response-specific, summary, or both.
Hint.AutoTrigger.Correctness	A status.correctness value that is used as a threshold to trigger hints automatically. For example, in a Multiple Choice/Multiple Correct question, a hint could be triggered when the response is 80% correct.
Hint.AutoTrigger.Time	Elapsed time used as a threshold to trigger hints automatically. For example, a hint could be triggered after 15 seconds.
Hint.AutoTrigger.Tries	Number of tries used as a threshold to trigger hints automatically. For example, a hint could be triggered after 3 tries.
InputMask.text	An input mask for a fill-in-the-blank Question Object, restricting the input to a specific format, length and or type of characters. The input mask uses the COBOL/xbase conventions for input masks.
MaxResponseLength	Maximum length (number of characters allowed) of the recorded response for a fill-in-the-blank character.	T
MaxTime	Maximum time allowed to respond to the object. After this time expires, the Question Object gets locked, and the student may no longer modify any response.	T
MaxTries	Maximum number of tries allowed to respond to the object. After this number is reached, the Question Object gets locked, and the student may no longer modify any response.	T
RejectIncorrect	For a object that uses drag/drop or some other form of positioning or sizing, determines whether the incorrect or unrecognized responses should be rejected by canceling the move. Requires the availability of the response analysis engine to determine whether the response was correct.	T
TrackResponses	This property determines whether the object instance should keep track of every response, with a response record for each recorded response (see the Runtime logging data table) It is up to the application that uses the object to use that information while the object instance is still available.	T

Element or property	Description
Answer.Status.Locked	Set to true if the specific answer element is locked, meaning that the learner cannot change the response for that particular answer element.	T
Answer.Status.Responded	Set to true if there was at least one attempt at a response for this particular answer element. Same as the logical result of "(Answer.Status.Tries.Count > 0)"	T
Answer.Status.Response.data	The current response status of the answer element. The value and value type of this property depends on the question type. This value can be used to restore the answer element, or for response analysis.	T
Answer.Status.Tries.Count	The number of time the student modified the status of this answer element. For multiple answer questions, such as Multiple-choice/Multiple-correct, this allows correct counting of tries.	T
Score	The current score of the object, if it can be calculated. Requires response analysis engine.	T
Status.Correctness	The current "degree of correctness" of the object, obtained through response analysis with answer weighting. Always normalized on a 0..1 scale, with 0 as the default (no response) value. Requires response analysis engine.	T
Status.HintsPlayed	For a object that has a list of one or more hints, how many hints have been played (given away).
Status.Locked	Set to true if the object is locked, meaning that the learner cannot change the response.	T
Status.RandomOrder	The order in which answer elements are currently randomized. Can be used to restore the answer to a previous state. Depending on the question type, this may be a simple ordinal list, or a list of positions.	T
Status.Responded	Set to true if there was at least one attempt at a response. Same as the logical result of "(Status.Tries.Count > 0)"	T
Status.ResponseIDs	A list of answer element Ids that correspond to the current responses to a question. Depending on the type of question, this can be a single item or a list. For example, for a fill-in-the-blank question, this is the ID of the first answer element that matches the response typed by the learner. For some questions, like the Fill-in-the-blank, this element may not be available unless the response analysis part of the engine is also available.	T
Status.Responses	The set of current responses to a question. Depending on the type of question, this can be an array, a list or a string. For example, for a fill-in-the-blank question, this is the text of the response as typed by the learner. Standard entities or escape sequences are used in place of reserved characters.	T
Status.Time.Elapsed	The time since timing for the question started.	T
Status.Time.Start	The time at which timing for the question started. Typically, that would be the time at which the question was first presented.	T
Status.Tries.Count	The number of tries the student made to respond. See CBT Edition documentation for a discussion of the ambiguities of try counting for certain types of questions.	T
Answer.Status.<…>	Any other status value for an individual answer element
.<…>	Any other status value

Element or property	Description
Response.ID	The ID of the answer to which the response was matched (if minimal runtime response analysis was performed, as would be the case to provide response-specific feedback.)
Response.Data	The data for the actual response. Value and type depends on question type.	T
Response.Time	The time at which the response occurred	T
Response.ElapsedTime	The elapsed time between when timing began for the response, and when this particular response occurred.	T

Element or property	Description
Qstyle	Element that defines the style to use in presenting the question components of the Question Object. Sub-elements vary depending on the question type.
Qstyle.border	Width of the border around an answer element. For a fill-in-the-blank object, this is the border around the text box for user input.
	….. more….

Element or property	Description
Edit	Edit the object properties, components or elements. Before and after actual editing can take place, the object may have to "reset" itself to a particular state (in Instructor, ASYM_Reset "author" and ASYM_Reset "check" before editing and ASYM_Reset "afterEdit" after editing)	T
Lock	Lock the object, preventing further responses or changes to responses.	T
PlayFeedback <ID>	Play the response-specific feedback specified for the current response state of the object. This may involve a series of actions.	T
PlaySummaryFeedback	Play the summary feedback specified for the current level of "correctness" of the object.	T
Reset	Restore the object to a "ready to run" state, clearing any visible responses, timers and tries counters.	T
ResetTrackingInfo	Clears any existing response tracking elements recorded internally by the object.	T
ShowCorrect	Show the correct answer(s) for the object. The way this is shown is determined by the question type, the style properties and the engine in use.
ShowScore	Show the current score for the object. Parameters specify a format to use.	T
Unlock	Unlock the object, allowing the learner to respond or change the responses.	T

M = Metadata	P = Presentation	B = Runtime Behavior
T = temporary tracking info	R = Response analysis	S = Status

Qtype	Description
DragToTarget	Object, or a callout line from object, can be dragged to a position in the scene. The name of the object at that position constitutes the response. (embodies Merrill's "Name the part" transaction)
DropTarget	Another object, or a callout line from another object, can be dragged to this object. The name of the other object constitutes the response.
Essay	Fill-in-the blank with unlimited length; allows line breaks.
MatchItems	One or more pairs of objects or items. Student must connect or indicate which elements are paired.
MultipleChoice	Traditional multiple choice question (only one correct answer and student can only make one choice at a time). Typical presentation is in the form of mutually exclusive "radio buttons".
MultipleChoiceMC	Multiple choice with multiple correct answer option (one or more correct answers, and student may choose more than one item at a time) Typical presentation may be in the form of check boxes.
OrderItems	Presents movable objects in scrambled positions. Students rearranges the objects. Each object name + position pair can then be evaluated as response data.
OrderText	Presents text in scrambled word or text line order. Student rearranges the words or the text lines through direct manipulation, or indicates what the correct order is.
SelectText	Student selects one or more "chunks" of a given text.
ShortAnswer	Fill-in-the blank limited to short text entry; no line breaks.
Slider	Student chooses a position on an analog scale. Presentation can be straight line (slider) or rotary (potentiometer)
TrueFalse	In effect a multiple choice question with only two choices. Only one correct answer. Presentation may be in the form of an on/off switch.

Link name	.Destination value	Effect of corresponding event
Next	Next (default)	Go to the next topic in this TOC, regardless of level. Note that the definition of "next topic" may be different if the current topic is being visited as part of a "drill down" -- See Drill Down.
	NextSameLevel	Go to the next topic at the same level as current topic in this TOC
	NextUp	Go to the first topic at a higher heading level than this topic in this TOC (same as the NextUp value option for SkipForward.destination)
	Jump to <jump spec>	Jump to a specific topic in this or another TOC
Previous	Previous (default)	Go to the previous topic in this TOC, regardless of level
	PreviousSameLevel	Go to the previous topic at the same level as current topic in this TOC
	HistoryPrevious	Go to the previous topic in the history list
	Jump to <jump spec>	Jump to a specific topic in this or another TOC
First	First (default)	Go to the first topic in the history list
	Jump to <jump spec>	Jump to a specific topic in this or another TOC
Last	Last (default)	Go to the next topic in the history list
	Jump to <jump spec>	Jump to a specific topic in this or another TOC
NextUp	NextUp (default)	Go to the first topic at a higher heading level than this topic in this TOC (same as the NextUp value option for SkipForward.destination)
	Jump to <jump spec>	Jump to a specific topic in this or another TOC
PreviousUp	PreviousUp (default)	Go to the previous topic at a higher heading level than this topic in this TOC (i.e., the parent topic for this topic.) -- (same as the PreviousUp value option for SkipBack.destination)
	Jump to <jump spec>	Jump to a specific topic in this or another TOC
Forward	HistoryNext (default)	Go to the next topic in the history list
	HistoryLast	Go to the last topic in the history list
Back	HistoryPrevious (default)	Go to the previous topic in the history list
	HistoryFirst	Go to the first topic in the history list
	Jump to <jump spec>	Jump to a specific topic in this or another TOC
Enter	StartAsk (default)	If a valid bookmark is available, ask the user whether to start from the bookmark or from the beginning
	StartAtBeginning	Go to the first topic in this TOC
	StartAtBookmark	Go to the topic that was bookmarked for this TOC. If no bookmark is available, go to first topic in the TOC.
Skip Forward	LastSameLevel (default)	Go to the last topic at the same level as this topic in this TOC
	NextUp	Go to the first topic at a higher heading level than this topic in this TOC.
	SkipForward <n>	Skip the next <n> topics. Must be at same heading level as the current topic.
	NextTopLevel	Go to the closest next topic at a top heading level in this TOC.
	Jump to <jump spec>	Jump to a specific topic in this or another TOC
Skip Back	FirstSameLevel (default)	Go to the first topic at the same level as this topic in this TOC
	PreviousUp	Go to the previous topic at a higher heading level than this topic in this TOC (i.e., the parent topic for this topic.)
	SkipBack <n>	Skip back by <n> topics. Must be at same heading level as the current topic.
	PreviousTopLevel	Go to the closest previous topic at a top heading level in this TOC.
	Jump to <jump spec>	Jump to a specific topic in this or another TOC
DrillDown	DrillDown (default)	Go to first subtopic of this topic. Redefines the "next" for the last subtopic to mean "return to this topic"
	DownThenContinue	Go to first subtopic of this topic, then go on to the next topic.
	DrillDownPopUpModal	Open a popup window and show the first subtopic in that window. The window is modal but allows navigation within the subtopics of the current topic in the parent window. When reaching the last topic in that scope, "next" means closing the window.
	DrillDownPopUpModeless	If a popup window is available, show the first subtopic in that window, otherwise open the window. Navigation is possible within the subtopics of the current topic in the parent window. When reaching the last topic in that scope, "next" means closing the window.
History	History (default)	Shows entire history and allows jump to any topic in history. Note that if a topic was seen as part of a "drill down", the window nesting, if any, is restored.
	HistoryLocal	Show history for the local scope (window or frame).
Favorites	FavoritesUser (default)	Store favorites in user’s private bookmark folder
	FavoritesTOC	Store favorites in a private bookmark folder specific to this TOC.